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Evaluation of the Environmental Components that Affect the Need for User Entertainment in Commercial Complexes of Tehran Metropolis
Ahmad Khalifavi, Ghazal Keramati, Hoseyn Soltanzadeh, Mehrdad Matin,
Volume 11, Issue 40 (10-2022)
Abstract
Introduction: The design and implementation of large-scale commercial complexes in the metropolis of Tehran have flourished for over a decade. Most of these complexes have easily attracted various age groups. Some are more successful, and some lose their customers after a period of prosperity. Public areas' forms indicate entertainment's superiority over shopping. Also, the activities in complexes provide the possibility of spending leisure time in the best way under the name of a shopping center.
Methodology: Theoretical foundations of the research are based on the achievements of environmental psychology, which began with William Glasser's Choice Theory and the importance of the need for entertainment. And practical components of the quality of the environment have been extracted from related literature. These components are based on human needs for recreational activities and have been determined by library studies and citing the opinions of philosophers. The effect of components on users' need for recreation was analyzed by survey research method and correlation. 
Results: The result shows that the measures of the designed system consisting of three components: socio-behavioral, physical-spatial and perceptional, to meet the need for recreation of users, have a significant relationship with entertainment as a reason for the presence of users in commercial complexes.
Specifically, among the measures of the collective-behavioral component, the factors "various service uses," "the presence of food courts," "the security of the complex space due to the number of users," and "the presence of a suitable space for children to play" are among the reasons. 
Conclusion: By introducing an effective subcomponent, this paper shows that the leading presence of people in commercial complexes is due to the need for recreational activities. Therefore, the components of the need for entertainment in the design of commercial complexes can be considered as a factor in increasing the architectural spatial quality of public areas, which can meet part of the secondary and semantic needs of human beings.
 
Quantitative explanation of effective factors on increasing citizen participation in the beautification of Tehran metropolis
Hadi Rezaei Rad, Tarlan Sadeghipour, Sayed Ali Ghazi Mirsaeid,
Volume 13, Issue 47 (4-2024)
Abstract
Introduction: With the ever-increasing population of cities, especially after the Industrial Revolution, the factors influencing the urban management system and human settlements have greatly increased, and during time, traditional methods and non-participatory approaches have lost their effectiveness. Concepts such as participatory approaches have been proposed among decision-makers in the urban management system. The basis of these concepts is decision-making with and for the people. Undoubtedly, a city whose decisions are made without the effective presence of its citizens cannot meet the needs of its residents. The purpose of advancing this research is to identify and explain the factors affecting the two-way communication between people and city officials and the formation of collaborative planning to realize beautification projects to improve the quality of life of citizens in the Tehran metropolis.
Methodology: This research is practical in terms of research objectives and its method is descriptive-analytical. In general, the method of conducting this research is based on document analysis, content analysis, and meta-analysis. According to the statistical population of the research, which are citizens of Tehran city, 384 questionnaires were completed, and also the interview was used to get information from the managers of the beautification organization. The analysis of the questionnaire was designed to measure the components and variables of the leading research done by SPSS software. to check the reliability and validity of the research, the confirmatory factor analysis method was used to ensure the selected main factors, correlation analysis to find the relationship between variables, and aggregate analysis to determine the amount of variance calculated by main factors
Results: Based on the results obtained from the research, 19 factors have been presented in 4 categories, which include social-cultural, subsistence-economic, administrative-organizational, and legal-organizational.
Conclusion: From the respondent’s point of view, indicators related to the economic dimension with an average of 4.565 have the highest priority, indicators related to the administrative-organizational dimension with an average of 4.368 are in second place, indicators related to the legal-organizational dimension are in the third place with an average of 4.316 and finally The indicators related to the socio-cultural dimension with an average of 4.215 are in the last category. Also, ambiguity in identifying the target groups of actions, legal, administrative, and organizational obstacles, and weakness in creating a culture of participation among the community are the main obstacles to the non-realization of citizen participation in the beautification of the Tehran metropolis
Spatial estimation of the intensity of the impact of environmental factors on thermal energy sustainability in the Tehran metropolitan area using the BCS algorithm
Hadi Rezaei Rad,
Volume 14, Issue 51 (7-2025)
Abstract
Introduction: Various factors disrupt the thermal energy balance and stability on urban surfaces, often due to unintended changes in climatic parameters and the systemic imbalance of energy systems in cities. These disruptions can lead to serious environmental consequences. Simultaneously, the rapid physical expansion of cities and their adverse environmental impacts have made urban morphological development a central concern. In many global metropolises, addressing the ecological implications of such development has become a key priority in efforts to achieve sustainable urban environmental development. The rising urban population, intensification of construction activities, and increased anthropogenic heat emissions have contributed to a noticeable increase in urban temperatures. This leads to the formation of a warm air canopy over city surfaces—commonly referred to as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon. Consequently, the energy consumption for cooling and heating buildings rises significantly.
Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of its objective and descriptive-analytical in terms of methodology. In the theoretical framework, the influencing factors on the thermal energy balance of urban surfaces were identified through a library-based approach and a review of relevant literature.
Accordingly, to analyze the spatial estimation of the impact level of environmental factor indicators on the thermal energy balance of surfaces, and to assess the spatial correlation with this phenomenon resulting from urbanization and urban development changes, the metropolis of Tehran in the year 2021–2022 was selected as the case study.
A cloud-free and clear satellite image of Tehran was obtained by the Landsat 8 satellite using Envi software. The spatial variation patterns of surface thermal energy across the city were assessed using various remote sensing algorithms. Subsequently, the spatial correlation between environmental factor indicator layers and the surface thermal energy layer in the 22 municipal districts of Tehran was estimated using the Band Collection Statistical algorithm
Results: Among all the major environmental factor indicators, four indicators (number of urban parks, NDVI, NDMI, and NDWI) were selected based on their correlation coefficients exceeding 25%. The spatial estimation of environmental factor indicators in the thermal energy balance of Tehran metropolis shows that all four mentioned indicators have a direct association with the environmental dimension. In terms of absolute values, NDWI exhibited the highest correlation coefficient, whereas the number of parks and green spaces showed the lowest. These levels of correlation reflect the increasing role of anthropogenic activities and their impacts on environmental factor indicators. As a result, any change in these patterns will alter the surface heat levels, and consequently, the intensity of the heat island and ultimately the thermal energy balance on the surface.
Conclusion: Since urbanization and urban development are the main factors behind changes in the thermal energy distribution of Tehran's metropolitan surfaces, the implementation of targeted policies in these areas can lead to measurable shifts in environmental factor indicators. Ultimately, such shifts are likely to impact mobility, behavioral, and residential patterns, thereby affecting the degree of thermal energy sustainability across various districts of the Tehran metropolis. All the proposed strategies have been formulated to mitigate ambient and surface temperatures and cool the urban environment.
 
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