---

With the advent of theories of the sustainable city, the ecological city, the smart city and the green city in recent decades, attention has been paid to nature-friendly design, ecological sustainability and climate issues. this paper is conducted with the aim of explaining the physical characteristics of the thermal areas of urban open spaces and micro-climate. the present paper is designed to extract the elements of the urban form affecting the thermal comfort of urban open spaces in the hierarchical structure of the building, using the descriptive-analytical method. This research has been carried out on a part of the 17.5 hectare of Silo District of Yazd. In the first step, using the simulation method, the average radiant temperature was calculated at the selected site , and then the thermal comfort was calculated based on the PMV index for the specific group in the warmest day of 2015. In the second part, by comparing the thermal comfort and physical factors of the environment including height, enclosure, vegetation, etc., the physical form criteria have been identified for the realization of thermal comfort. The results show that the spatial, physical and environmental dimensions of the elements of the urban form, such as enclosure (height to width H / W), visibility to the sky and the pattern of the network of passages, materials (gender, color) of the roof, body and floor, vegetation (Species and density), use and ... are among the factors affecting the comfort of the city's open spaces, due to which urban planning and design process can create spaces that provide thermal comfort to users.

---

Providing thermal comfort in the building is one of the most important goals of the design of the climate, which has been regarded as one of the most important human concerns in the last half century. In this study, the thermal comfort of the winter space and the central courtyard of the traditional house were examined. Part of the research methodology was based on PMV method of thermal comfort and residents' satisfaction with PPD method. The temperature and humidity data were measured with the aid of the Data Logger TA120 and wind speed and radiant temperature data were obtained using Energy Plus 8.6 software, based on which PMV and PPD were calculated. Finally, by comparing the thermal comfort of the winter and the central courtyard, the results showed that the warmth comfort of the winter house was more comfortable than the central courtyard in the cold season, and more than 85% of the users in the winter of this house felt satisfied. have. This mode of thermal performance in traditional homes, which is still visible after many years, is very valuable and interesting. Therefore, this research can be used in contemporary construction to provide the appropriate climate design to increase the level of satisfaction of space users.

---

Nowadays, the issue of thermal comfort has been raised as one of the important factors in the quality of urban spaces along with physical factors. In fact, the quality of urban spaces is important for the use of citizens and should be considered. However, due to the impact of various parameters in urban open spaces that affect the thermal comfort of users and the lack of codified principles in this field has made it difficult for designers to identify and meet the climatic needs in an urban area. The present study, considering the discussion of thermal comfort in urban sidewalks, investigates climatic and environmental factors in the area in which the city of Khorramabad is located in the vicinity of the castle of the celestial sphere, and through the application of computer simulation technique ( Envi met software (examines the thermal comfort index (PPD predicted percentage of dissatisfaction) which is one of the important indicators in this field in different parts of the designed sidewalk and the results are concluded that factors such as choosing the direction of the sidewalk Walking time, sidewalk width, the presence of trees, shade and water as well as some user characteristics such as metabolic rate, activity rate, coverage rate have affected the amount of thermal comfort.
 

---

Introduction: Thermal comfort in semi-hot and dry climates is one of the main factors for the presence of people in open urban spaces. The present research seeks to achieve a greater presence of people and reduce heat stress for the comfort quality of the micro-climate of the garden. Each of the artificial components of Jahathe n Nama Garden and the effective climatic conditions, has dealt with all of them. Thermal comfort has always been one of the main factors in architecture and urban planning, and among the solutions that respond to climatic conditions, we can mention the Iranian gardens, which have had a great impact on modifying the climatic conditions of the environment since ancient times. Elements that cause human comfort and have natural and artificial dimensions and components. Due to this issue, the Iranian garden model has created green and pleasant spaces for comfort and tranquility and the presence of people, which has been able to make the climatic conditions of the environment livable, desirable, and pleasant.
Methodology: The research method is descriptive-analytical and, in terms of method, qualitatively and quantitatively simulated with Envi-met 4 basic software, which is selected by selecting eight points in the garden, on the first of July by comparing them with the PET thermal comfort index between points. Therefore, the research is based on two strategies of logical reasoning, library analysis on the one hand and quantitative measurement based on ENVI-met 4 basic simulation software. On the other hand, the effective components such as (the location and structure of the garden, and materials) are compared between the mentioned points. Ross data analysis was performed at 9 am, 12 noon, and 5 pm on the 1st of July, the hottest day of the year in the afternoon.
Results: By examining the models (change of materials and orientation), the comfort conditions of the garden are improved and the change of orientation of the garden is more effective than the change of materials. Also, the average radiant temperature has the greatest effect on thermal comfort. R1=0/73  R3 = 0.70, R5 = 0.74, and R7 = 0.74 indicate their correlation. The artificial components of the Jahan Nama garden greatly affect the thermal comfort of the garden in hot seasons. 
Conclusion:  As a result, the choice of materials and proper orientation leads to controlling the rate of absorption of air temperature and circulation, which reduces heat stress. In the end, the research findings show that the synergy of the components of the Iranian garden in hot and semi-arid climates increases the thermal comfort in the microclimate of the garden and in creating urban open spaces with quality and optimal energy consumption Warm seasons and physical and mental health and reduction of heat stress are very important and the research findings are presented as a model that shows the synergy of these components to provide outdoor thermal comfort.

 

---

Introduction: Thermal comfort has always been one of the primary goals of architectural design.
Many studies have addressed indoor thermal comfort. However, less attention has been paid to
outdoor thermal comfort. Outdoor spaces need to be equally emphasized because of the occurrence of
daily activities in them. Open spaces play a unique role in the spatial structure of traditional Iranian
architecture. Mosques are among the most important buildings in the history of Iranian architecture.
With the spread of Islam in the early centuries of Hijri, many mosques were constructed in the great
province of Khorasan, some of which are still standing. Most of these mosques have open spaces that
are built based on the climate; therefore, they are among the best sources of modeling for
contemporary architecture to achieve thermal comfort. Thus, the research questions of the present
study can be expressed as follows: What is the range of thermal comfort in the open spaces of
Khorasan mosques based on the PMV index? What are the optimal geometry patterns of mosque
courtyards in the Khorasan region to achieve thermal comfort? In order to answer the questions,
ENVI-MET4 simulation software was used. 
Methodology: The approach of the current study in terms of its purposes and methodology is applied
research and quantitative respectively. In the first stage of the study, the form, dimensions, and
proportions of the yard and the percentage of open to closed spaces of the traditional mosques of
Khorasan province were analyzed through an analytical method, based on library studies. The
courtyards of the traditional mosques were categorized, the patterns governing them were extracted,
and thermal comfort was evaluated. Four sample cities were selected based on four different climatic
zones. In the second stage, using the simulation method, the models were made on July 23rd during
the summer solstice for the four cities in the ENVI-MENT 4 software. The simulation results were
illustrated and analyzed in the Leonardo software, and the PMV thermal comfort index was used.
Results: Three types of mosque courtyards in the mentioned cities were analyzed. Based on the PMV
index and the comparison of plan structures, the results revealed that in Qochan City, the plan with a
square geometry is close to the thermal comfort range. In Mashhad, a rectangular courtyard with an
extension in the direction of the Qibla is the best option to achieve thermal comfort in open spaces.
Moreover, in the city of Sabzevar, the rectangular plan perpendicular to the Qibla direction, and in the
city of Tabas, the rectangular plan parallel to the Qibla direction were identified as the best models of
thermal comfort.
Conclusion: The proportions and forms of the courtyards are square in the high foothills; rectangular
in line with the Qibla in the low foothills; rectangular in the direction of the Qibla in the plains, and
rectangular in the direction of the Qibla in the desert climate. Considering the joy of outdoor worship,
it is necessary to design the courtyard in such a way that it can provide comfortable conditions as a
sub-climate, particularly during hot summer days.

---

Introduction: Designing cities with priority for pedestrians is one of the proposed solutions to reduce the problems caused by the use of motorized transportation. Thermal comfort is influential in people's willingness to walk in the environment. This research quantitatively examines the effect of street enclosure and the effect of trees on the thermal comfort of pedestrians on UTCI index.
Methodology: This research has examined 18 sections of 6 " famous pedestrians of Iran", on June 22 from 8:00-20:00. The geometry of the streets, the placement of buildings and trees were modeled based on the existing situation, then they were entered into the Lady Bug plugin connected to Grasshopper in Rhino software. In this research, in addition to examining the effect of changes in the street enclosure and shading of trees on thermal comfort, the influence of two variables of orientation and climatic conditions (air dry temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, radiant temperature) was calculated and by analyzing and comparing different states of thermal comfort in each We have analyzed all the data.
Results: Investigations showed that the orientation of the sidewalk in the hot season of the year is effective on the amount of radiation and air temperature in certain hours of the day, and the east-west sidewalks are hotter in the beginning and end hours of the day, but no significant change is observed in the average daily temperature. The street enclosure has a direct effect on the average daily temperature, in the street enclosure lower than 0٫5 the UTCI temperature is higher than the dry air temperature, and in the street enclosure higher than 0٫5 it is lower than the dry air temperature. Also, in street enclosure higher than 0٫5, the radiation temperature does not exceed the critical value of 60℃, which is the thermal stress limit. The shading effect of trees is dependent on the street enclosure, as the trees in the part of the sidewalk with low enclosure (H/W< 0٫5) reduce the average radiant temperature by 12٫56 ℃ and the emotional temperature by 3٫08 ℃, the greatest reduction in Chaharbagh is Isfahan, where the UTCI temperature decreases by 6٫49 degrees during the day. But in a higher enclosure (H/W>0٫5), the shading of the building affects the shading effect of the trees in such a way that the temperature difference in the presence of trees at higher altitudes is at most one-third of the previous state.
Conclusion: We found that the effect of shading trees on thermal comfort is dependent on the condition of the street enclosure. In streets with a low enclosure ratio, the presence of trees as a canopy has a significant effect on lowering the temperature and better thermal comfort of humans, and this effect decreases with the increase of the enclosure of the street. It should be seen whether the effect of the shadows of the trees is greater or the shadows of the buildings on the street