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With the advent of theories of the sustainable city, the ecological city, the smart city and the green city in recent decades, attention has been paid to nature-friendly design, ecological sustainability and climate issues. this paper is conducted with the aim of explaining the physical characteristics of the thermal areas of urban open spaces and micro-climate. the present paper is designed to extract the elements of the urban form affecting the thermal comfort of urban open spaces in the hierarchical structure of the building, using the descriptive-analytical method. This research has been carried out on a part of the 17.5 hectare of Silo District of Yazd. In the first step, using the simulation method, the average radiant temperature was calculated at the selected site , and then the thermal comfort was calculated based on the PMV index for the specific group in the warmest day of 2015. In the second part, by comparing the thermal comfort and physical factors of the environment including height, enclosure, vegetation, etc., the physical form criteria have been identified for the realization of thermal comfort. The results show that the spatial, physical and environmental dimensions of the elements of the urban form, such as enclosure (height to width H / W), visibility to the sky and the pattern of the network of passages, materials (gender, color) of the roof, body and floor, vegetation (Species and density), use and ... are among the factors affecting the comfort of the city's open spaces, due to which urban planning and design process can create spaces that provide thermal comfort to users.

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The urban form represents the spatial distribution of activities in urban areas. Considering the impact of urban design on management issues and environmental, economic and social characteristics of communities, measuring the construction and form of the city of Babol can be one of the factors influencing the success of urban planners in urban areas of Mazandaran province and Babol city. The research approach in this research is development research. Data analysis was performed using various indicators, urban form in six areas of Babol city. The analysis showed that in areas with more regular use patterns (north and west), density and urban gross densities are higher and there is no significant difference in terms of indicators of urban form, especially compression and complexity between Babol urban areas. Correlation analyzes show a strong relationship between most of the spatial indices. In general, factors such as the primary role of the city (commercial and academic, and especially the market), land use pattern, ownership, lack of strict implementation of urban planning rules and regulations, the ineffectiveness of urban development plans, have caused a disturbance in most of the urban fabric of Babol and due to the accelerated trend taken by uncontrolled vertical construction and the ever-increasing demand for excessive compression, there are signs of deviation in the new form.

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Introduction: Place attachment is the intersection of physical elements, activities, and mental concepts concerning place, formed from the environmental characteristics and individuals' mental patterns and evaluation. Based on the available resources, it seems that improving the functional efficiency of residential open spaces can help to improve the level of people's attachment.
Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive in terms of nature and method, and documentary in terms of the data collection method. A 30-question questionnaire was designed and, after the pilot study, distributed among 393 residents of Shiraz district six residential complexes. The results were analyzed by SPSS24 software. Cronbach's alpha and validity and reliability test of the proposed structure with coefficients presented at specified intervals show that the research instrument has acceptable reliability.
Results: The results show that there is a relationship between open space functional efficiency and place attachment, that activity and communication are the most critical factors affecting place attachment; Comfort is in the Second level, and the context and perception of the environment are in the next ranks. Regarding the direct relationship between the attachment variable and the components of residential outdoor functional efficiency, the effect of each component was evaluated by regression test. The result shows that all independent research variables have direct and indirect simultaneous effects on the dependent variable. The results show that perception and readability of environment, directly affected by 0.271, and an indirect effect of 0.258, will lead to the attachment of residents in residential complexes. The proximity of the direct and indirect effect of this component indicates the importance of this factor. Because both alone and in combination with other variables and facilitating their performance, it plays a significant role in enhancing the outdoor efficiency of the residential complex and, consequently, increasing residents' spatial attachment. Activity and communication can make people more connected to the outdoor complex of the residential complex and lead to emotional communication with the environment and lead to the attachment of residents. Also, context and layout is another factor that directly affects 0.326 and an indirect effect of 0.059 on attachment. Environmental well-being has a direct impact of 0.164 and an indirect impact factor of 0.075, which is less effective than other factors.
Conclusion: The present study results show that the functional efficiency of open spaces of residential complexes affects the degree of residents' attachment to the place. Structuring shows that the perception and readability of the environment is the most critical predictor factor in improving performance efficiency and, consequently, increasing the level of residents' attachment to the place. Users have reported the activities and communication of people with each other and in interaction with the open space, layout, and context, and environmental welfare and comfort as other practical components in this field.

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Introduction: The resilience of an architectural space is the ability to deal with damages caused by an accident, which helps to return to a normal condition after the accident. One of the important aspects of resilience is the physical aspect, which means the ability of a building to withstand changes, events, and the passage of time, and the response of the building to current and future needs. One of the important aspects of resilience is the physical aspect, which means the building’s ability to withstand changes, events, and the passage of time and the response of the building to current and future needs. The seismicity of the Kashan region shows the importance of studying the issue of physical resilience in this bazaar. So, the question is, what are the resilient components of the historical Bazaar of Kashan? On the other hand, the function of the bazaar as a commercial artery of the city and the population in which it is constantly moving, and the location of the bazaar in the city center, highlights the need to address the components of open space and communication routes in this area. The next question is what is the quality of open spaces and access routes in the bazaar and how does it work from the perspective of resilience?
Methodology: To investigate the components affecting Physical resilience, the research sample, has been identified and studied by descriptive, analytical, and qualitative methods.
Results: In the study of physical resilience, due to the important role of open spaces and communication network in the research sample, with the help of field survey and analysis of the current situation, also, interviewing users of the historical Bazar through a questionnaire, the effective components in physical resilience were evaluated. The effect on the stability of the bazaar of Kashan and its durability and reliability were identified and determined.
Conclusion: The results show that open spaces of Bazaar, due to the extent and hierarchy of access in the whole Bazaar, have a good density and distribution but in both Bazaar of Mesgarha and Darb-e-Zanjir, the length of the exit is more than standard. Evaluation of effective resilience components shows that Soltani Mosque, Mir-Panj Caravanserai, Agha Mosque, and Mir-Emad Mosque have open space with the suitable area, healthy and stable walls, are active and with direct connection with urban arteries are suitable for post-traumatic use. the way between two series of shops and Other indoor spaces such as Amin-Al-Dole Timche and other similar places as an access space face the problem of falling due to roof damage during an earthquake, improper passage ratios, and additional elements, resulting in way blockage, so This reduces the resilience of Bazaar, but the organic structure of it and the presence of load-bearing fixtures on the ceilings are positive points in creating safety in this places.

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Introduction: Universities around the world compete to attract students and evolve their educational structures by offering appealing learning and research environments. Due to the emphasis on educational spaces, the physical development of universities often neglects or reduces open spaces, reflecting planners' and designers' focus on indoor areas and their disregard for outdoor environments. This oversight leads to issues such as low student presence, lack of mental and physical comfort, and declining environmental quality. When students' needs and aspirations are met within the university's cultural context, it enhances their quality of life in that environment, fostering social, educational, and recreational activities while providing a better living environment in terms of ecological, social, and economic quality. The current study aims to identify the factors influencing the quality of life in university outdoor spaces from the perspectives of experts.

Methodology: Given the lack of a clear theoretical foundation for the components of quality of life in outdoor university spaces and the exploratory nature of the research, this study adopted a survey-based approach using the Delphi method. After conducting a document analysis of academic articles and research to extract relevant content, open-ended interviews were held with a statistical population of 27 experts. Participants were recruited using the snowball sampling method, and data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached. Subsequently, using open coding, axial coding, and content-objective table techniques, a researcher-developed questionnaire was prepared and completed by experts in two rounds. Finally, the results were extracted through Q-factor analysis in SPSS software.

Results: After administering the questionnaire to the experts, factor analysis was conducted on their responses, and common themes were identified across their input. At this stage, five factors, representing the participants' perspectives, emerged as statistically and thematically significant. These factors were named based on theoretical foundations, question content, and expert consensus. The Delphi technique ultimately identified five key dimensions: physical, environmental comfort, functional activity, sociability, and semantic-perceptual.

Conclusion: The results indicated that, from the expert’s perspective, the five dimensions — physical, environmental comfort, functional activity, sociability, and semantic-perceptual — ranked in order of importance in contributing to the enhancement of welfare and quality of life in outdoor university spaces. These dimensions help create an environment that is livable and pleasant for students, enabling them to comfortably and enjoyably spend their leisure time there.